LECTURE OUTLINE GEOL 335.3, 2021/22, Term 1
SEISMOLOGY and GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
Instructor:
Igor Morozov
Geology 142;
966-5731
Course Texts:
- An Introduction to Applied and Environmental
Geophysics, 2-nd ed, 2011, J. M. Reynolds, John Willey & Sons
- Recommended: Introduction to Seismology, 2-nd ed., 2009, Shearer, P. M., Cambridge
University Press.
- Recommended: Applied Geophysics, 1990, Second Edition, W. M. Telford, L.
P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff. Cambridge University Press.
4 lectures
- Objectives and outline of the program
- Historical background of the different geophysical techniques
- Significance and scope of the application of the specific
geophysical methods
- Review of the relevant reference literature and prominent
scientific journals
General concepts (lecture)
- Key common concepts: Vectors, fields; Time and spatial series, Z- and Fourier transforms, Aliasing,
Dynamic range (lecture)
- Convolution, Cross- and Autocorrelation, filtering (lecture)
- Signal and noise
B. SEISMIC OBSERVATION and EXPLORATION
17 or 18 lectures
Geometrical Seismics (lecture,
video, homework assignment #1)
Wavefronts and rays
- Travel times
- Reflected, refracted, transmitted, and head waves
- Huygens' principle, Diffraction
- Fermat principle
- Snell's law
- Geometrical spreading
Seismic Waves (lecture,
video, homework assignment #2)
- Mechanical properties of rocks, strain and stress, laboratory and in situ
stress-strain relationships
- Importance to engineering applications, effects of
lithology, density, porosity, temperature, and depths of burial
- Elastic wave theory - scalar and full wave equations, general
aspects of wave propagation (lecture)
- Body waves, P and S waves
- Surface waves (lecture):
Rayleigh, Love, Stonely - coherent noise or tools for imaging shallow
subsurface
- Anisotropy and effects on wave propagation
- Waves in layered media
Seismic source (lecture)
(homework assignment #3)
- Green's functions and Moment tensor
- Radiation patterns
- Source spectra
- Stress drop
- Earthquake magnitudes
- Earthquake and exploration sources
- Onshore techniques- principles, application, advantages and
disadvantages, economic and environmental issues
- Marine techniques- principles and applications
- Source requirements and design considerations
- Vibration principles
- Digital recording systems, Analog-to-Digital signal converters
- Signal detectors
- Design of target-oriented signal detection
- Recording, data storage and processing systems
Application Techniques
-
Physical Principles
-
Survey procedures, onshore/marine, personnel, legal considerations
-
Applications: exploration, engineering, geotechnical, and crustal
environments
-
Target related field survey design methods
-
Interpretation techniques
-
Case studies
-
Physical principles
-
Field operation geometries, 2D/3D, onshore/marine
-
Noise types, noise-recognition, signal-noise time and spatial
relationships
-
Design of signal detection systems and special problem oriented
recording systems
-
Velocity extraction methods, data dependent borehole techniques
-
Static and normal moveout corrections
-
Inversion and migration
-
Data processing techniques (lecture,
video): onshore/marine, spectral analysis, band
limited/inverse filtering, correlation, velocity analysis, stacking
-
Data filtering (lecture, video)
and display techniques
-
Interpretation procedures, correlation of seismic arrivals to
geology, borehole geology, wireline data
-
Synthetic seismograms modeling
-
Practical examples: seismic images of faults, subsurface reefs,
synclines-anticlines, seismic stratigraphic signatures, high
resolution near surface buried channels and lithologic
discontinuities
-
Subsurface target definition, horizontal and vertical resolutions, imaging
limitations
-
Pitfalls in reflection seismic interpretation
C. GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (lecture,
video)
2 lectures
-
High frequency electrical properties of rocks, EM wave propagation in
ground, penetration, frequency/penetration limitations
-
Field operations, instrumentation
-
Data handling and processing
-
Engineering applications
-
Case histories
-
Integration with other geophysical data