LECTURE OUTLINE GEOL 483.3, Term 2

SEISMOLOGY

Instructor:

Igor Morozov

Geology 142; 966-2761; Office hours: Mon, Thurs., 3-5 pm.

Course Texts:

• Applied Geophysics, 1990, Second Edition, W. M. Telford, L. P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff. Cambridge University Press.

• Introduction to Seismology, 2-nd ed., 2009, Shearer, P. M., Cambridge University Press.

• Recommended: Exploration Seismology, 1995, Second Edition, R. E. Sheriff and L P. Geldart, Cambridge University Press.

Introduction (lecture)

• Objectives and outline of the program

• Seismology and Seismics: Historical background and techniques
• Significance and scope of the application of the specific geophysical methods
• Resolution, penetration, and bandwidth 

Location and tomography (lecture)

• Forward travel time problem
• Generalized inverse
• Least-squares inverse, regularization
• Resolution matrix

Elastic Waves (lecture)

• Mechanical properties of rocks, laboratory and in situ stress-strain relationships
• Elastic wave theory - scalar and full wave equations, general aspects of wave propagation
• Wave potentials
• Waves in layered media

Reflection coefficients

• Reflection and transmission of seismic waves
• Matrix description of oblique incidence of plane waves
• P/SV mode conversions
• Zoeppritz equations
• Amplitude versus offset relations, their applications

Seismic Attenuation (lecture)

• Attenuation mechanisms
• Quality factor
• Relation of attenuation to dispersion
• Compensation of attenuation

Refraction Methods (lecture)

• Physical Principles

• Survey procedures, onshore/marine

• Applications: exploration, engineering, environment and crustal environments

• Target related field survey design methods
• Interpretation techniques
• Case studies

Reflection Methods (2D) (lecture)

• Physical principles
• Field operation geometries, 2D/3D, onshore/marine
• Noise types, noise-recognition, signal-noise time and spatial relationships
• Design of signal detection systems and special problem oriented recording systems
• Velocity extraction methods, data dependent borehole techniques
• Data display techniques, black and white/colour technologies, digital post-stack data handling and picking techniques
• Interpretation procedures, correlation of seismic arrivals to geology, borehole geology, wireline data
• Synthetic seismograms modelling
• Examples: seismic images of faults, subsurface reefs, synclines-anticlines, seismic stratigraphic signatures, high resolution near surface buried channels and lithologic discontinuities
• Subsurface target definition, horizontal/vertical resolutions imaging limitations
• Design of integrated target required data acquisition-processing and interpretation operations

Reflection Methods (3D) (lecture)

• Layouts and CMP binning in 3D
• Specifics of 3D survey planning
• Acquisition footprint
• Examples

Vertical Seismic Profiling (lecture)

• Method and Specifics
• Data analysis

Time and spatial series (lecture)

• Convolution, Cross- and Autocorrelation, 
• Frequency Filtering
• Spatial filtering (f-k, t-p)

Reflection Seismic processing (lecture)

• Filtering, deconvolution, spectral analysis, spectral whitening (lecture)
• Automatic Gain control (AGC)
• Automatic detection of arrivals (STA/LTA) 
• Stacking

Seismic attributes (lecture)

Migration and inversion

• Pre-and post-stack migration
• Time migration
• Depth migration
• Waveform inversion